Scientific element table1/19/2024 ![]() Identified as a distinct metal in the Rasaratna Samuccaya around the 14th century of the Christian era and by the alchemist Paracelsus in 1526, who gave it its present name and described it as a new metal. Zinc smelting was done in China and India around 1300. Used as a component of brass since antiquity (before 1000 BC) by Indian metallurgists, but its true nature was not understood in ancient times. Recognised as an element by Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy in 1787. įound in Egyptian tombs dating from 1500 BC. Recognized as an element by Lavoisier in 1777, which was confirmed by Joseph Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard in 1810. Designated as a univeral element (one of the tria prima) by Paracelsus in the early 16th century. Designated as one of the two elements of which all metals are composed in the sulfur-mercury theory of metals, first described in pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana's Sirr al-khaliqa ('Secret of Creation') and in the works attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan (both 8th or 9th century). According to the Ebers Papyrus, a sulfur ointment was used in ancient Egypt to treat granular eyelids. The oldest artifacts date from around 2000 BC. Kestel, in southern Turkey, is the site of an ancient Cassiterite mine that was used from 3250 to 1800 BC. įirst smelted in combination with copper around 3500 BC to produce bronze (and thus giving place to the Bronze Age in those places where Iron Age did not intrude directly on Neolithic of the Stone Age). ![]() In 1787, de Morveau, Fourcroy, and Lavoisier listed carbon (in French, carbone) as an element, distinguishing it from coal (in French, charbon). True chemical analyses were made in the 18th century, and in 1772 Antoine Lavoisier demonstrated that diamond, graphite, and charcoal are all composed of the same substance. Diamonds were probably known as early as 2500 BC. The earliest known use of charcoal was for the reduction of copper, zinc, and tin ores in the manufacture of bronze, by the Egyptians and Sumerians. Ĭharcoal and soot were known to the earliest humans. The discovery of smelting around 3000 BC led to the start of the Iron Age around 1200 BC and the prominent use of iron for tools and weapons. The oldest known iron objects used by humans are some beads of meteoric iron, made in Egypt in about 4000 BC. There is evidence that iron was known from before 5000 BC. Įstimated to have been discovered in Asia Minor shortly after copper and gold. The earliest gold artifacts were discovered at the site of Wadi Qana in the Levant. It is believed that lead smelting began at least 9,000 years ago, and the oldest known artifact of lead is a statuette found at the temple of Osiris on the site of Abydos dated around 3800 BC. Recognised as an element by Louis Guyton de Morveau, Antoine Lavoisier, Claude Berthollet, and Antoine-François de Fourcroy in 1787. Copper beads dating from 6000 BC have been found in Çatalhöyük, Anatolia and the archaeological site of Belovode on the Rudnik mountain in Serbia contains the world's oldest securely dated evidence of copper smelting from 5000 BC. It was one of the most important materials to humans throughout the Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages. Earliest estimates of the discovery of copper suggest around 9000 BC in the Middle East. It was originally obtained as a native metal and later from the smelting of ores. ![]() Pre-modern and early modern discoveries ZĬopper was probably the first metal mined and crafted by humans. ![]() ![]() Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element Post Manhattan project synthesis of atomic numbers 98 and above ( colliders, bombardment techniques, nuclear reactors) The age of classifying elements and Mendeleev's periodic table application of spectrum analysis techniques: Boisbaudran, Bunsen, Crookes, Kirchhoff, and others "hunting emission line signatures"ĭevelopments in X-ray spectroscopy and radiochemistry allows for many radioactive elements and the final stable elements to be discovered recognition of the atomic number as defining an element The chemical and industrial revolutions lead to the standardization of chemical techniques and the development of atomic theory for chemistry Antiquity to 1700: ancient and alchemical discoveriesĭiscoveries during the Scientific Revolution and the age of enlightenment, part of the gradual rejection of the Aristotelian theory of matter, and Lavoisier's definition of a chemical element ![]()
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